Yet, according to an entry[7] in the Suda (a 10th-century encyclopedia), some critics scorned him, calling him Beta (the second letter of the Greek alphabet) because he always came in second in all his endeavours. For other uses, see. The name Earth is an English/German name which simply means the ground. Contributions of Greeks in the field of Physical Geography: The Greeks made remarkable development in the field of physical geography. Etching of an ancient seal identified as Eratosthenes. He died c. 194 BCE, Alexandria, Egypt. [8], The son of Aglaos, Eratosthenes was born in 276 BC in Cyrene. Eratosthenes' method of measuring Earth's circumference, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Eratosthenes, Famous Scientists - Biography of Eratosthenes, Ancient History Encyclopedia - Biography of Eratosthenes, Eratosthenes - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). In 1870, Dr. C. Wyville Thomson suggested that the Royal Society of London ask the British government for the use of one of its ships for an extended . He became famous for being the first to calculate, with considerable precision, the circumference of the earth. The important contribution to navigation made by Eratosthenes in the third century BC was __________. Eratosthenes noted that at Alexandria, at the same date and time, sunlight fell at an angle of about 7.2 from the vertical. This work was highly esteemed for its accuracy. The children were trained from the age of seven in subjects such as literature, sports and music. In addition, he calculated approximate distances between them. Eratosthenes made several important contributions to mathematics and science, and was a friend of Archimedes, the great mathematician. He created a method known as the Siege of Eratosthenes by which he calculated the prime numbers. He was the founder of Geography and holds the credit to calculate the circumference of the Earth. The technology geographers and other scientists use to study the physical and cultural environments spatially and over time is with geospatial technology. Archimedes is regarded as one of the most notable Greek mathematicians. Eratosthenes of Cyrene was a Greek polymath: a mathematician, geographer, poet, astronomer, and music theorist. Eratosthenes was a man of many talents. He also measured the degree of obliquity of the ecliptic (in effect, the tilt of Earths axis) and wrote a treatise on the octateris, an eight-year lunar-solar cycle. James Rennell has been called the Father of Indian Geography, and for his pioneering work on oceanography as the Father of Oceanography.. Who discovered the geography? The city of Cyrene had spent an independent period from Egypt until the marriage between Ptolemy III and Berenice, the daughter of Magas, governor of that city. Eratosthenes Of Cyrene 13. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). It was now possible to estimate one's distance from remote locations with this network over the surface of the Earth. He greatly overestimated the West to East distance from the Westernmost part of Europe to the Eastern extremity of the ekumene (the habitable calculated the Earths circumference and invented the first lattitude/longitude system a system of imaginary lines on the Earth, used for navigation and mapping. The first place must go to Eratosthenes, the man who coined the term geography between 275 and 194 BC. In the same way, he wrote poetry and his themes included the stories of the constellations. He also realized that streams eroded continents and deposited sediments into the ocean. He had become blind in his old age and could no longer work by 195 BCE. His major work is 'Ges-periods' which is the first systematic description of the world. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how telepresence technology was used by oceanographers in the field to assess and analyze three shipwrecks and numerous artifacts discovered during exploratory expeditions of the submerged plateau known as Eratosthenes Seamount (Fig. Sieve of Eratosthenes: algorithm steps for primes below 121 (including optimization of starting from the prime's square). It is a large, submerged massif, about 120 km long and 80 km wide. Your email address will not be published. Eratosthenes was born in the Greek colony Cyrene, now the city of Shahhat, Libya. There he was taught Stoicism by its founder, Zeno of Citium, in philosophical lectures on living a virtuous life. Ben-Avraham et al. Everything that pleases the Muses and kings you yourself gave to your son. He also made a chart with the chronology of the Egyptian kings of Thebes, wrote about the conquests of Alexander the Great, and made a description of Greece at that time. He invented a system of latitude and longitude and he also might have calculated the distance from earth to the sun and invented the leap day. in Cyrene, a Greek city located in North Africa, in what is now the lands of Libya. He was born in 271 BC in Cyrene, which is now known as Libya, in North Africa. This method consisted of creating a table with natural numbers between 2 and the desired quantity. In the quest to secure his newly regained domain, Ptolemy III saw fit to satisfy the people of Cyrene by offering a position as important as that of chief keeper of the great library of Alexandria to Eratosthenes. The second book contains his calculation of the circumference of the Earth. in. He drew the meridian through Alexandria, Syene, Rhodes and the mouth of Boresthenes (Dniester). [5] He adopted view of Aristotle & regarded the shape of the earth as sphere. He was a man of learning, becoming the chief librarian at the Library of Alexandria. Phoenicians (from what is now Syria and Lebanon) navigated and traded around Mediterranean Sea, Indian Ocean, Red Sea, and Africa; 2000BC 2. Ptolemy III was not moved only by his interest in the work of Eratosthenes, but also by political motives. Eratosthenes made many important contributions to science and mathematics. This is where, according to Pliny, "The world was grasped." Around 255BC, he invented the armillary sphere. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Who can fully deduct traditional IRA contributions? Some people believe that Eratosthenes starved himself to death on purpose after going blind. : 3373 , 02-3298322 A . Oceanography 100 Karen Baker Quiz #2. Who is responsible for the first measurement of the circumference of the Earth? He accepted the three continents (Europe, Asia, and Libya) and five climatic zones (one torrid zone, two temperate zones, and two frigid zones), [2] The term geography was first coined by Eratosthenese. Eratosthenes had a significant impact on geography. Eratosthenes created a whole section devoted to the examination of Homer, and acquired original works of great tragic dramas of Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides. Geography is the study of locations and the relationships between people and their surroundings. Eratosthenes was born in approximately 276 BC. Geography is the study of Earths natural environment and human society, as well as how society and nature interact. Eratosthenes is most famous for making the first accurate measurement of the circumference of the Earth. (2004/2006). He also measured the length of the shadow on the ground. Geography was defined by Hettner as the earths chorological science. In On the Circular Motions of the Celestial Bodies,[11] Cleomedes credited him with having calculated the Earth's circumference around 240 BC, with a high precision. He was the chief librarian of the Great Library of Alexandria. But Eratosthenes, who had wide-ranging interests including poetry, theatre and ethics, was first and foremost an astronomer, and Alexandria was the place to go for astronomical studies. ", Zhumud, Leonid. In the text, he described the inhabited earth and the people who lived there. He is regarded as the first scientific geographer who measured the length of the equator almost accurately (24860 miles) on sound principles with the help of gnomon. Uf Women's Studies Electives, Kerry Liverpool Supporters Club, How did Eratosthenes contribute to oceanography? How did the Egyptians contribute to oceanography? What superannuation contributions are reportable? Earth Science Oceanography: An Invitation To Marine Science, Loose-leaf Versin How did the Library of Alexandria contribute to the development of marine science? With the parallels and meridians, Eratosthenes located the known countries and cities. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Geographers look at both the physical properties of the Earths surface and the human societies that live on it. During the period in which Eratosthenes was in charge of the Library of Alexandria, great advances were made in it. It is used in oceanography in calculating the height of tides in oceans. A new play celebrates the 17th-Century Italian artist Artemisia Gentileschi, who defied her rape and torture through masterful paintings. He returned to Cyrene and made such a name for himself in scholarly endeavors that the Greek ruler of Egypt brought him to Alexandria to tutor his son. He wrote on many topics geography, mathematics, philosophy, chronology, literary criticism, grammar, poetry, and even old comedies. While this work is the earliest we can trace certain ideas, words, and concepts in the historical record, earlier contributions may have been lost to history. Eratosthenes contributions to Mathematics are very notable and well known. Contribution of Greeks to Mathematical and Physical Geography! This is the sieve's key distinction from using trial division to sequentially test each candidate number for divisibility by each prime. Aristarchus was one of the first astronomers to calculate the relative sizes of the Sun, the Moon and the Earth. At the age of about 50 he returned to Alexandria and soon became director of the Library. to locate all prime numbers between two integers. His measurement of Earths circumference may have varied by 0.5 to 17 percent from the value accepted by modern astronomers, but it was certainly in the right range. [12] As he aged, he contracted ophthalmia, becoming blind around 195 BC. He was called Pentathlos, a title given to those who were victors in the five tests of the Olympic games, because he dedicated himself to cultivating all areas of knowledge. He reportedly fell into despair, and he is said to have committed suicide by voluntary starvation in 194 as a result. This is important to marine science because these concepts are used for locations around the globe. He is credited with devising an algorithm for finding prime numbers called the sieve of Eratosthenes, in which one arranges the natural numbers in numerical order and strikes out one, every second number following two, every third number following three, and so on, which just leaves the prime numbers. 2, 1977. The first place must go to Eratosthenes, the man who coined the term "geography" between 275 and 194 BC. The [] Lived c. 276 BC - c. 194 BC. "Eratosthenes of Cyrene." G. Argoud, J.Y. He sketched, quite accurately, the route of the Nile to Khartoum, showing the two Ethiopian tributaries. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2010. In number theory, he introduced the sieve of Eratosthenes, an efficient method of identifying prime numbers. He calculated the size of the Earth using geometry and ratios based on sun observations. He created one of the earliest maps of the known world between 276-195 BC, but his greatest contribution was the concept of latitude and longitude. He never married. He had inclination toward arts as well as music and poetry composition. Uci Computer Science And Engineering, [6] He developed systems of latitudes and longitudes, [7] He measure accurate length of equator, [8] Circumferences of the earth by Eratosthenes 25000 miles, but actual 24860 miles, PDF Name: Eratosthenes Contribution to Geography Notes by Netset Corner, Chronologically Arranged Schools and Associate Scholars. He believed that the Earth was the center of the Universe. He was the son of Aglaus, of whom no historical record is preserved, so it is thought that he was not of an important family at the time. Eratosthenes experiment was highly regarded at the time, and his estimate of the Earths size was accepted for hundreds of years afterwards. Born: c. 276 BCE in Cyrene (present-day Libya) Died: 192 or 196 BCE in Alexandria, Egypt Early Life Eratosthenes was born around 276 BCE in a Greek colony in Cyrene, a territory located in present-day Libya. Eratosthenes only surviving work is Catasterisms, a book about the constellations, which gives a description and story for each constellation, as well as a count of the number of stars contained in it, but the attribution of this work has been doubted by some scholars. Around 255 BCE, he invented the armillary sphere. Review of (D.W.) Roller 'Eratosthenes' Geography. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. He died in 194BC at 82 in Alexandria. He also calculated the Earth's circumference and was off by less than 150 miles in his. Eratosthenes died in his 80s in Alexandria, Egypt. Who is the first geographer in the world? Eratosthenes (276-195 BCE) was an ancient Greek Alexandrian scholar, native of Cyrene, who attained distinction in many fields including philosophy, mathematics, astronomy and history. He was the first prose writer. Another of his great contributions to geography was the study and map that he made of the route of the Nile River from Khartoum, in which he included the Ethiopian tributaries. The estimate is over 99 percent of the actual distance of 40,008 km. At the Library of Alexandria, he was the chief librarian where he read books on a variety of disciplines that expanded his knowledge extensively. Strabo argues it was Alexander's interpretation of their "real intent" in recognizing that "in some people there prevail the law-abiding and the political instinct, and the qualities associated with education and powers of speech". (Of the measurements of the Earth). He lived in Athens until Ptolemy Evergetes, the king of Egypt . A librarian named Hipparchus later placed lines of longitude at regular intervals, and this was improved even more by Ptolemy, who added cardinal directions and divided degrees into minutes and seconds. Zihuatanejo Beach Shawshank, Eratosthenes also found a solution to the so-called Deliano problem, or the doubling of the cube. The Arabs were the great contributors in the field of mathematical, physical and regional geography. Book Collection Nonfiction: High School Edition. He could then use simple proportions to find the Earths circumference 7.2 degrees is 1/50 of 360 degrees, so 800 times 50 equals 40,000 kilometers. He established the value of each degree in 700 stadiums and a total circumference of 252,000, corresponding to approximately 39,691 kilometers, since the stadium was a difficult measure to determine. Geography is a chorographic discipline. These works and his great poetic abilities led the pharaoh Ptolemy III Euergetes to seek to place him as a librarian at the Library of Alexandria in the year 245 BC. The first spot has to go to the man who coined the term geography, Eratosthenes (c. 275-194 BC). Using his discoveries and knowledge of its size and shape, he began to sketch it. Eratosthenes was called Beta (the second letter of the Greek alphabet) because he was never first, but he is more famous than his Alpha teachers because his discoveries are still used today.
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